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FN 2 Instructions headed, "For my son the Prince of Wales, 1692,"
in the Stuart Papers.
FN 3 "The Habeas Corpus," said Johnson, the most bigoted of
Tories, to Boswell, "is the single advantage which our government
has over that of other countries;" and T. B. Macaulay is the most
bigoted of Whigs in his own country, but left his whiggism at
home when he went to India.
FN 4 See the Historical Records of Regiments, published under the
supervision of the Adjutant General.
FN 5 Barillon, Dec. 3/13 1685. He had studied the subject much.
"C'est un detail," he says, "dont j'ai connoissance." it appears
from the Treasury Warrant Book that the charge of the army for
the year 1687 was first of January at 623,104l. 9s. 11d.
FN 6 Burnet, i. 447.
FN 7 Tillotson's Sermon, preached before the House of Commons,
Nov. 5. 1678.
FN 8 Locke, First Letter on Toleration.
FN 9 Council Book. The erasure is dated Oct. 21. 1685. Halifax to
Chesterfield; Barillon, Oct. 19/29.
FN 10 Barillon, Oct. 26/Nov. 5. 1685; Lewis to Barillon, Oct. 27
/ Nov. 6. Nov. 6/16.
FN 11 There is a remarkable account of the first appearance of
the symptoms of discontent among the Tories in a letter of
Halifax to Chesterfield, written in October, 1685. Burnet, i.
684.
FN 12 The contemporary tracts in various languages on the subject
of this persecution are innumerable. An eminently clear, terse,
and spirited summary will be found in Voltaire's Siecle de Louis
XIV.
FN 13 "Misionarios embotados," says Ronquillo. "Apostoli armati,"
says Innocent. There is, in the Mackintosh Collection, a
remarkable letter on this subject from Ronquillo, dated March
26./April 5. 1686 See Venier, Relatione di Francia, 1689, quoted
by Professor Ranke in his Romische Papste, book viii.
FN 14 "Mi dicono che tutti questi parlamentarii no hanno voluto
copia, il che assolutamente avra causate pessime impressioni."--
Adda, Nov. 9/13. 1685. See Evelyn's Diary, Nov. 3.
FN 15 Lords' Journals, Nov. 9. 1685. "Vengo assicurato," says
Adda, "che S. M. stessa abbia composto il discorso."--Despatch of
Nov. 16/26 1685.
FN 16 Commons' Journals; Bramston's Memoirs; James von Leeuwen to
the States General, Nov. 10/20 1685. Leeuwen was secretary of the
Dutch embassy, and conducted the correspondence in the absence of
Citters. As to Clarges, see Burnet, i. 98.
FN 17 Barillon, Nov. 16/26. 1685.
FN 18 Dodd's Church History, Leeuwen, Nov. 17/27 1685; Barillon,
Dec. 24. 1685. Barillon says of Adda, "On l'avoit fait prevenir
que la surete et l'avantage des Catholiques consistoient dans une
reunion entiere de sa Majeste Britannique et de son parlement."
Letters of Innocent to James, dated July 27/Aug. 8 and Sept. 23 /
Oct. 3. 1685; Despatches of Adda, Nov. 9/19. and Nov. 1685. The
very interesting correspondence of Adda, copied from the Papal
archives, is in the British Museum; Additional MSS. No. 15395.
FN 19 The most remarkable despatch bears date the 9/19th of
November 1685, and will be found in the Appendix to Mr. Fox's
History.
FN 20 Commons' Journals, Nov. 12. 1685; Leeuwen, Nov.; Barillon,
Nov. 16/26.; Sir John Bramston's Memoirs. The best report of the
debates of the Commons in November, 1685, is one of which the
history is somewhat curious. There are two manuscript copies of
it in the British Museum, Harl. 7187.; Lans. 253. In these copies
the names of the speakers are given at length. The author of the
Life of James published in 1702 transcribed this report, but gave
only the initials, of the speakers. The editors of Chandler's
Debates and of the Parliamentary History guessed from these
initials at the names, and sometimes guessed wrong. They ascribe
to Wailer a very remarkable speech, which will hereafter be
mentioned, and which was really made by Windham, member for
Salisbury. It was with some concern that I found myself forced to
give up the belief that the last words uttered in public by
Waller were so honourable to him.
FN 21 Commons' Journals, Nov. 13. 1685; Bramston's Memoirs;
Reresby's Memoirs; Barillon, Nov. 16/26.; Leeuwen, Nov. 13/23.;
Memoirs of Sir Stephen Fox, 1717; The Case of the Church of
England fairly stated; Burnet, i. 666. and Speaker Onslow's note.
FN 22 Commons' Journals, Nov. 1685; Harl. MS. 7187.; Lans. MS.
FN 23 The conflict of testimony on this subject is most
extraordinary; and, after long consideration, I must own that the
balance seems to me to be exactly poised. In the Life of James
(1702), the motion is represented as a court motion. This account
is confirmed by a remarkable passage in the Stuart Papers, which
was corrected by the Pretender himself. (Clarke's Life of James
the Second, ii. 55.) On the other hand, Reresby, who was present,
and Barillon, who ought to have been well informed, represent the
motion as an opposition motion. The Harleian and Lansdowne
manuscripts differ in the single word on which the whole depends.
Unfortunately Bramston was not at the House that day. James Van
Leeuwen mentions the motion and the division, but does not add a
word which can throw the smallest light on the state of parties.
I must own myself unable to draw with confidence any inference
from the names of the tellers, Sir Joseph Williamson and Sir
Francis Russell for the majority, and Lord Ancram and Sir Henry
Goodricke for the minority. I should have thought Lord Ancram
likely to go with the court, and Sir Henry Goodricke likely to go
with the opposition.
FN 24 Commons' Journals, Nov. 16. 1685 Harl. MS. 7187.; Lans. MS.
235.
FN 25 Commons' Journals, Nov. 17, 18. 1685.
FN 26 Commons' Journals, Nov. 18. 1685; Harl. MS. 7187.; Lans.
MS. 253.; Burnet, i. 667.
FN 27 Lonsdale's Memoirs. Burnet tells us (i. 667.) that a sharp
debate about elections took place in the House of Commons after
Coke's committal. It must therefore have been on the 19th of
November; for Coke was committed late on the 18th, and the
Parliament was prorogued on the 20th. Burnet's narrative is
confirmed by the Journals, from which it appears that several
elections were under discussion on the 19th.
FN 28 Burnet, i. 560.; Funeral Sermon of the Duke of Devonshire,
preached by Kennet, 1708; Travels of Cosmo III. in England.
FN 29 Bramston's Memoirs. Burnet is incorrect both as to the time
when the remark was made and as to the person who made it. In
Halifax's Letter to a Dissenter will be found a remarkable
allusion to this discussion.
FN 30 Wood, Ath. Ox.; Gooch's Funeral Sermon on Bishop Compton.
FN 31 Teonge's Diary.
FN 32 Barillon has given the best account of this debate. I will
extract his report of Mordaunt's speech. "Milord Mordaunt,
quoique jeune, parla avec eloquence et force. Il dit que la
question n'etoit pas reduite, comme la Chambre des Communes le
pretendoit, a guerir des jalousies et defiances, qui avoient lieu
dans les choses incertaines; mais que ce qui ce passoit ne
l'etoit pas, qu'il y avoit une armee sur pied qui subsistoit, et
qui etoit remplie d'officiers Catholiques, qui ne pouvoit etre
conservee que pour le renversement des loix, et que la
subsistance de l'armee, quand il n'y a aucune guerre ni au dedans
ni au dehors, etoit l'etablissement du gouvernement arbitraire,
pour lequel les Anglois ont une aversion si bien fondee."
FN 33 He was very easily moved to tears. "He could not," says the
author of the Panegyric, "refrain from weeping on bold affronts."
And again "They talk of his hectoring and proud carriage; what
could be more humble than for a man in his great post to cry and
sob?" In the answer to the Panegyric it is said that "his having
no command of his tears spoiled him for a hypocrite."
FN 34 Lords' Journals, Nov. 19. 1685; Barillon, Nov. 23 / Dec. 3.
Dutch Despatch, Nov. 20/30.; Luttrell's Diary, Nov. 19.; Burnet,
i. 665. The closing speeds of Halifax is mentioned by the Nuncio
in his despatch of Nov. 16/26. Adda, about a month later, hears
strong testimony to Halifax's powers,
"Da questo uomo che ha gran credito nel parlamento, e grande
eloquenza, non si possono attendere che fiere contradizioni, e
nel parlito Regio non vi e un uomo da contrapporsi." Dec. 21/31.
FN 35 Lords' and Commons' Journals, Nov. 20. 1685.
FN 36 Lords' Journals, Nov. 11. 17, 18. 1685.
FN 37 Burnet i, 646.
FN 38 Bramston's Memoirs; Luttrell's Diary.
FN 39 The trial in the Collection of State Trials; Bramston's
Memoirs Burnet, 1. 647.; Lords' Journals, Dec. 20. 1689.
FN 40 Lords' Journals, Nov. 9, to. 16. 1685.
FN 41 Speech on the Corruption of the Judges in Lord Delamere's
works, 1694.
FN 42 Fu una funzione piena di gravita, di ordine, e di gran
speciosita. Adda, Jan. 15/25. 1686.
FN 43 The Trial is in the Collection of State Trials. Leeuwen,
Jan. 15/25. 19/29. 1686.
FN 44 Lady Russell to Dr. Fitzwilliam, Jan. 15. 1686.
FN 45 Lewis to Barillon, Feb. 10/20 1685/6.
FN 46 Evelyn's Diary, Oct. 2. 1685.
FN 47 Clarke's Life of James the Second, ii. 9., Orig. Mem.
FN 48 Leeuwen, Jan. 1/11 and 12/22 1686. Her letter, though very
long and very absurd, was thought worth sending to the States
General as a sign of the times.
FN 49 See his trial in the Collection of State Trials, and his
curious manifesto, printed in 1681.
FN 50 Memoires de Grammont; Pepys's Diary, Aug. 19. 1662.
Bonrepaux to Seignelay, Feb. 1/11 1686.
FN 51 Bonrepaux to Seignelay, Feb. 1/11. 1686.
FN 52 Memoires de Grammont; Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon;
Correspondence of Henry, Earl of Clarendon, passim, particularly
the letter dated Dec. 29. 1685; Sheridan MS. among the Stuart
Papers; Ellis Correspondence, Jan. 12. 1686.
FN 53 See his later correspondence, passim; St. Evremond, passim;
Madame de Sevigne's Letters in the beginning of 1689. See also
the instructions to Tallard after the peace of Ryswick, in the
French Archives.
FN 54 St. Simon, Memoires, 1697, 1719; St. Evremond; La Fontaine;
Bonrepaux to Seignelay, Jan. 28/Feb. 6, Feb. 8/18. 1686.
FN 55 Adda, Nov. 16/26, Dec. 7/17. and Dec. 21/31. 1685. In these
despatches Adda gives strong reasons for compromising matters by
abolishing the penal laws and leaving the test. He calls the
quarrel with the Parliament a "gran disgrazia." He repeatedly
hints that the King might, by a constitutional policy, have
obtained much for the Roman Catholics, and that the attempt to
relieve them illegally is likely to bring great calamities on
them.
FN 56 Fra Paulo, tib. vii.; Pallavicino, lib. xviii. cap. 15.
FN 57 This was the practice of his daughter Anne; and Marlborough
said that she had learned it from her father--Vindication of the
Duchess of Marlborough.
FN 58 Down to the time of the trial of the Bishops, James went on
telling Adda that all the calamities of Charles the First were
"per la troppa indulgenza."--Despatch of 1688.
FN 59 Barillon, Nov. 16/26. 1685; Lewis to Barillon, Nov. 28/Dec.
6. 26. In a highly curious paper which was written in 1687,
almost certainly by Bonrepaux, and which is now in the French
archives, Sunderland is described thus-"La passion qu'il a pour
le jeu, et les pertes considerables quil y fait, incommodent fort
ses affaires. Il n'aime pas le vin; et il hait les femmes."
FN 60 It appears from the Council Book that he took his place as
president on the 4th of December, 1685.
FN 61 Bonrepaux was not so easily deceived as James. "En son
particulier il (Sunderland) n'en professe aucune (religion), et
en parle fort librement. Ces sortes de discours seroient en
execration en France. Ici ils sont ordinaires parmi un certain
nombre de gens du pais."--Bonrepaux to Seignelay, May 25/June 4
1687.
FN 62 Clarke's Life of James the Second, ii, 74. 77. Orig. Mem.;
Sheridan MS.; Barillon, March 19/29 1686.
FN 63 Reresby's Memoirs; Luttrell's Diary, Feb. 2. 1685/6
Barillon, Feb. Jan. 25/Feb 4.
FN 64 Dartmouth's note on Burnet, i. 621. In a contemporary
satire it is remarked that Godolphin
"Beats time with politic head, and all approves,
Pleased with the charge of the Queen's muff and gloves."
FN 65 Pepys, Oct. 4. 1664.
FN 66 Pepys, July 1. 1663.
FN 67 See Dorset's satirical lines on her.
FN 68 The chief materials for the history of this intrigue are
the despatches of Barillon and Bonrepaux at the beginning of the
year 1686. See Barillon, Jan 25./Feb 4. Feb. 1/11. Feb. 8/18.
Feb. 19/29. and Bonrepaux under the first four Dates; Evelyn's
Diary, Jan. 29.; Reresby's Memoirs; Burnet, i. 682.; Sheridan
MS.; Chaillot MS.; Adda's Despatches, Jan 22/Feb 1. and Jan
29/Feb 8 1686. Adda writes like a pious, but weak and ignorant
man. He appears to have known nothing of James's past life.
FN 69 The meditation hears date 1685/6. Bonrepaux, in his
despatch of the same day, says, "L'intrigue avoit ete conduite
par Milord Rochester et sa femme. . . . Leur projet etoit de
faire gouverner le Roy d'Angleterre par la nouvelle comtesse. Ils
s'etoient assures d'elle." While Bonrepaux was writing thus,
Rochester was writing as follows: "Oh God, teach me so to number
my days that I may apply my heart unto wisdom. Teach me to number
the days that I have spent in vanity and idleness, and teach me
to number those that I have spent in sin and wickedness. Oh God,
teach me to number the days of my affliction too, and to give
thanks for all that is come to me from thy hand. Teach me
likewise to number the days of this world's greatness, of which I
have so great a share; and teach me to look upon them as vanity
and vexation of spirit."
FN 70 "Je vis Milord Rochester comme il sortoit de conseil fort
chagrin; et, sur la fin du souper, il lui en echappe quelque
chose." Bonrepaux, Feb. 18/28. 1656. See also Barillon, March
1/11, 4/14.
FN 71 Barillon March 22/April 1, April 12.22 1686.
FN 72 London Gazette, Feb. 11. 1685/6; Luttrell's Diary, Feb. 8;
Leeuwen, Feb. 9/19.; Clarke's Life of James the Second, ii. 75.
Orig. Mem.
FN 73 Leeuwen, Feb 23/Mar 5. 1686.
FN 74 Barillon, April 26/May 6. May 3/13. i686; Citters, May
7/17; Evelyn's Diary, May 5.; Luttrell's Diary of the same date;
Privy Council Book, May 2.
FN 75 Lady Russell to Dr. Fitzwilliam, Jan. 22. 1686; Barillon,
Feb 22/Mar 4 1686. "Ce prince temoigne," says Barillon, "une
grande aversion pour eux, et aurait bien voulu se dispenser de la
collecte, qui est ordonnee en leur faveur: mais il n'a pas cru
que cela fut possible."
FN 76 Barillon, Feb 22/ Mar 4. 1686.
FN 77 Account of the commissioners, dated March 15. 1688.
FN 78 "Le Roi d'Angleterre connait bien que les gens mal
intentionnes pour lui sont les plus prompts et les plus disposes
a donner considerablement. . . . Sa Majeste Britannique connoit
bien qu'il auroit a propos de ne point ordonner de collecte, et
que les gens mal intentionnes contre la religion Catholique et
contre lui se servent de cette occasion pour temoigner leur
zele."--Barillon, April 19/29 1686.
FN 79 Barillon, Feb 15/25 Feb 22/Mar 4. April 19/29, Lewis to
Barillon Mar 5/15.
FN 80 Barillon, April 19/29. 1686; Lady Russell to Dr.
Fitzwilliam, April 14. "He sent away many," she says "with sad
hearts."
FN 81 London Gazette of May 13. 1686.
FN 82 Reresby's Memoirs; Eachard, iii. 797.; Kennet, iii. 451.
FN 83 London Gazette, April 22. and 29. i686; Barillon, April
19/29.; Evelyn's Diary, June 2.; Luttrell, June 8.; Dodd's Church
History.
FN 84 North's Life of Guildford, 288.
FN 85 Reresby's Memoirs.
FN 86 See the account of the case in the Collection of State
Trials; Citters, May 4/14., June 22/July 2 1686; Evelyn's Diary,
June 27.; Luttrell's Diary, June 25. As to Street, see
Clarendon's Diary, Dec. 27. 1688.
FN 87 London Gazette, July 19. 1686.
FN 88 See the letters patent in Gutch's Collectanca Curiosa. The
date is the 3d of May, 1686. Sclater's Consensus Veterum; Gee's
reply, entitled Veteres Vindicati; Dr. Anthony Horneck's account
of Mr. Sclater's recantation of the errors of Popery on the 5th
of May, 1689; Dodd's Church History, part viii. book ii. art. 3.
FN 89 Gutch's Collectanea Curiosa; Dodd, viii. ii. 3.; Wood, Ath.
Ox.; Ellis Correspondence, Feb. 27. 1686; Commons' Journals, Oct.
26. 1689.
FN 90 Gutch's Collectanea Curiosa; Wood's Athenae Oxonienses;
Dialogue between a Churchman and a Dissenter, 1689.
FN 91 Adda, July 9/19 1686.
FN 92 Adda, July 30/Aug 9 1686.
FN 93 "Ce prince m'a dit que Dieu avoit permie que toutes les
loix qui ont ete faites pour etablir la religion Protestante, et
detruire la religion Catholique, servent presentement de
fondement ce qu'il veut faire pour l'etablissement de la vraie
religion, et le mettent en droit d'exercer un pouvoir encore plus
grand que celui qu'ont les role Catholiques sur les affaires
ecclesiastiques dans les autres pays."--Barillon, July 12/22.
1686. To Adda His Majesty said, a few days later, "Che l'autorita
concessale dal parlamento sopra l'Ecclesiastico senza alcun
limite con fine contrario fosse adesso per servire al vantaggio
de' medesimi Cattolici." July 23/Aug 2.
FN 94 The whole question is lucidly and unanswerably argued in a
little contemporary tract, entitled "The King's Power in Matters
Ecclesiastical fairly stated." See also a concise but forcible
argument by Archbishop Sancroft. Doyly's Life of Sancroft, i.
229.
FN 95 Letter from James to Clarendon, Feb. 18. 1685/6.
FN 96 The best account of these transactions is in the Life of
Sharp, by his son. Citters, June 29/July 9 1686.
FN 97 Barillon, July 21/Aug 1 1686. Citters, July 16/26; Privy
Council Book, July 17. ; Ellis Correspondence, July 17.; Evelyn's
Diary, July 14.; Luttrell's Diary, Aug. 5, 6.
FN 98 The device was a rose and crown. Before the device was the
initial letter of the Sovereign's name; after it the letter R.
Round the seal was this inscription, "Sigillum commissariorum
regiae majestatis ad causas ecclesiasticas."
FN 99 Appendix to Clarendon's Diary; Citters, Oct. 8/18 1686;
Barillon, Oct. 11/21; Doyly's Life of Sancroft.
FN 100 Burnet, i. 676.
FN 101 Burnet, i. 675. ii. 629.; Sprat's Letters to Dorset.
FN 102 Burnet, i. 677.; Barillon, Sept. 6/16. 1686. The public
proceedings are in the Collection of State Trials.
FN 103 27 Eliz. c. 2.; 2 Jac. I. c. 4; 3 Jac. I. c. 5.
FN 104 Clarke's Life of James the Second, ii. 79, 80. Orig. Mem,
FN 105 De Augmentis i. vi. 4.
FN 106 Citters, May 14/24 1686.
FN 107 Citters. May 18/28 1686. Adda, May 19/29
FN 108 Ellis Correspondence, April 27. 1686; Barillon, April
19/29 Citters, April 20/30; Privy Council Book, March 26;
Luttrell's Diary; Adda Feb 26/Mar 8 March 26/April 5, April 2/12
April 23/May 3
FN 109 Burnet's Travels.
FN 110 Barillon, May 27/June 6 1686.
FN 111 Citters, May 23/June 1 1686.
FN 112 Ellis Correspondence, June 26. 1686; Citters, July 2/12
Luttrell's Diary, July 19.
FN 113 See the contemporary poems, entitled Hounslow Heath and
Caesar's Ghost; Evelyn's Diary, June 2. 1686. A ballad in the
Pepysian collection contains the following lines
"I liked the place beyond expressing,
I ne'er saw a camp so fine,
Not a maid in a plain dressing,
But might taste a glass of wine."
FN 114 Luttrell's Diary, June 18. 1686.
FN 115 See the memoirs of Johnson, prefixed to the folio edition
of his life, his Julian, and his answers to his opponents. See
also Hickes's Jovian.
FN 116 Life of Johnson, prefixed to his works; Secret History of
the happy Revolution, by Hugh Speke; State Trials; Citters, Nov
23/Dec 3 1686. Citters gives the best account of the trial. I
have seen a broadside which confirms his narrative.
FN 117 See the preface to Henry Wharton's Posthumous Sermons.
FN 118 This I can attest from my own researches. There is an
excellent collection in the British Museum. Birch tells us, in
his Life of Tillotson, that Archbishop Wake had not been able to
form even a perfect catalogue of all the tracts published in this
controversy.
FN 119 Cardinal Howard spoke strongly to Burnet at Rome on this
subject Burnet, i. 662. There is a curious passage to the same
effect in a despatch of Barillon but I have mislaid the
reference.
One of the Roman Catholic divines who engaged in this
controversy, a Jesuit named Andrew Patton, whom Mr. Oliver, in
his biography of the Order, pronounces to have been a man of
distinguished ability, very frankly owns his deficiencies. "A. P.
having been eighteen years out of his own country, pretends not
yet to any perfection of the English expression or orthography."
His orthography is indeed deplorable. In one of his letters
wright is put for write, woed for would. He challenged Tenison to
dispute with him in Latin, that they might be on equal terms. In
a contemporary satire, entitled The Advice, is the following
couplet
"Send Pulton to be lashed at Bushy's school,
That he in print no longer play the fool."
Another Roman Catholic, named William Clench, wrote a treatise on
the Pope's supremacy, and dedicated it to the Queen in Italian.
The following specimen of his style may suffice. "O del sagro
marito fortunata consorte! O dolce alleviamento d' affari alti! O
grato ristoro di pensieri noiosi, nel cui petto latteo, lucente
specchio d'illibata matronal pudicizia, nel cui seno odorato,
come in porto damor, si ritira il Giacomo! O beata regia coppia!
O felice inserto tra l'invincibil leoni e le candide aquile!"
Clench's English is of a piece with his Tuscan. For example,
"Peter signifies an inexpugnable rock, able to evacuate all the
plots of hell's divan, and naufragate all the lurid designs of
empoisoned heretics."
Another Roman Catholic treatise, entitled "The Church of England
truly represented," begins by informing us that "the ignis fatuus
of reformation, which had grown to a comet by many acts of spoil
and rapine, had been ushered into England, purified of the filth
which it had contracted among the lakes of the Alps."
FN 120 Barillon, July 19/29 1686.
FN 121 Act Parl. Aug. 24. 1560; Dec. 15. 1567.
FN 122 Act Parl. May 8. 1685.